| Personal Interview | |
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Component There is no need to include personal interviews in your References page because the information is not retrievable. If you cite a personal interview in a paper, simply use an in-text citation. |
Example (J. Doe, personal communication, December 16, 2019). -or- (Personal communication, December 16, 2019). |
| Note: If you are citing a published interview, follow the format for the appropriate reference type: book, audio recording, YouTube video, etc. | |
| Oral History/Narrative | |
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Components If the information is recorded and is recoverable (audio, video, transcript) then cite the narrative as that format in your reference list. If you spoke with an Indigenous person directly then you would use a variation of the personal communication citation. (Last name, Nation, Location, personal communication, date) |
Example "We spoke with Anna Grand (Haida Nation, lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, personal communication, April 2019) about tradition...." - APA Manual of Style p. 261 |