| Basic Format | |
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Components
When directly quoting or paraphrasing, include author's last name and the page number(s) in parentheses with no comma after author.
(Author's last name page number) |
Example Citing sources is very important (Smith 263). |
| Note: If the source has no page numbers or other ways to determine where the information is in the source, just use the author in parenthesis | |
| Author in text | |
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Components
When using the author's name in your sentence, include the page number(s) in parenthesis at the end of the sentence. You do not include the author with the page number since they are already mentioned in the sentence. List the Author's last name and the information in your sentence (page number). |
Example Smith states citing sources is very important (51). |
| No Author | |
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Components
If there is no author, use the title of a work in place of the author. The title can be in "quotations" or italics; the style should match the reference on your Works Cited page.
("Shortened title" page number) |
Example This article is very long ("Very long work" 12-13). |
| Two Authors | |
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Components
If the source has two authors, include last names of both authors connected with "and" followed by the page number. (Author's last name and Second author's last name page number) |
Example Citations are academically honest (Rose and Donna 9-10). |
| Three or more Authors | |
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Components
If paraphrasing three or more authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” followed by page numbers. (First Author's last name et al. page number) |
Example Citations have saved millions of papers (Smith et al. 32). |
| Group or Corporate Authors | |
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Components
If the author is a group or corporate author, use the name of the group/company/agency in place of the author followed by page number. (Group name page number) |
Example It has been reported that failure to use citations is a threat to national security (Citation Security Agency 36). |
| Note: Shorten the group name to the shortest noun phrase and remove any articles (a, an, the). For example, The National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society would be listed in-text as (National Academy). | |
| Two or More Authors with the same Last Name | |
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Components
If there are two or more authors with the same last name, list the first name initial(s) before their last names followed by the page number.
(First author first initial. last name page number). (Second author first initial. last name page number).
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Example
The glass is half full (A. Smith 20). The glass is half empty (B. Smith 22). |
| Note: If directly quoting, after the year of publication add a comma and put the page number | |
| Artificial Intelligence | |
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Components
If you are using text generated from an AI, please use a shortened version of the prompt you entered into the AI for text.
("Shortened Prompt")
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Example
The glass is half full according to ChatGPT("How full is the glass?"). |
| Note: Always directly quote when AI is used, unless otherwise stated by your professor. | |
| No Pages | |
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Components
If referencing a source that has no page numbers; list the paragraph number, section title, table number, slide number, etc. if your source already has numbered sections, etc. Otherwise your citation will just have the author/creator field.
Some other sources use the full word, such as Table, Graph, Chart. (Author Last Name section/paragraph/etc.) OR (Author or shortened title)
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Example
There is some evidence to suggest that "citations have the potential to help grades" (Smith para. 5). This citation "doesn't have set page numbers" ("Shortened Title").
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