Every time you paraphrase or use a direct quote in your paper, you need to follow it with an in-text citation.
One or two authors
Use last names followed by year of publication
(Nguyen, 2018)
(Nguyen & de Silva, 2017)
Three or more authors
Use the first authors name followed by et al.
(Nguyen et al., 2019)
Group author with abbreviation
Write the name without abbreviation for the first citation, followed by the abbreviation. Use only abbreviation all of the following citations.
First citation: (American Medical Association [AMA], 2021)
Subsequent citations: (AMA, 2021)
Group author without abbreviation
(Harvard University, 2022)
Direct Quotes
If you are quoting directly, include the page number after the date. Also include the volume number for multi-volume works
(Nguyen et al., 2019, p. 486)
(Nguyen & de Silva, 2017, pp. 107-108)
Personal Communication
Personal communication is only cited in-text. You do not need a reference page entry as there is no document to look up. Include the person you communicated with's initials and last name, that it is personal communication, and the date your interview took place.
(F. Jones, personal communication, October 20, 2019)
Narrative citation
Narrative citation, sometimes known as a signal phrase, is when you use the author’s name as part of your sentence with the year following in parenthesis.
Example:
According to de Vos-Kerkhof et al. (2018), the major causes of childhood ER visits are vomiting, difficulty breathing, fever and diarrhea.
When you use a direct quote, put the page number at the end.
Example:
De Vos-Kerkhof et al. (2018) states, “fever, dyspnea, and vomiting/diarrhea are major causes of emergency care attendance in childhood” (p. 617).
No Page Numbers
When you need to cite in-text with no page numbers, indicate the section or paragraph number:
(Nguyen, et al., 2020, “Patient Communication” section)
(de Silva, 2021, para. 4)
For AV works, use the timestamp (hour, minute, and/or second):
(Jones, 2022, 7:15)